Criminal Destruction of Evidence

I have to refute some of the views of Mr. Noorani. Apropos the statement, “India unilaterally revised its official map”, Mr. Noorani should not misrepresent and distort facts. The said so-called unilateral revision was to the determent of India and not in her favour or to her advantage. It cartographically illegally ceded vast integral areas of India which were shown in a colour wash in the Pre 1947 maps pertaining to the period of the commencement of the Constitution of India which ipso facto proved that the area included in the “colour wash” is an integral part of India and was followed up with the criminal destruction of massive precious evidence pertaining to the territorial extent of India by the dastardly burning of the said precious antique maps provided the Chinese with a veritable carte blanche to claim further areas inside India including the rest of Aksai Chin, i.e. to the south of the Hindutash and Sanju Passes in Ladakh, Kashmir.
In an act which can only be described as dastardly criminal destruction of incriminating evidence pertaining to the territorial extent of India, at the instance of Nehru a veritable treasury of antique pre 1947 maps pertaining to the period of the commencement of the Constitution of India which would jeopardize his bogus illegal map issued in 1954 in accordance with his whims and fancies and expose him, were summarily burnt!

Maps published by the Survey of India pertaining to the crucial period of the commencement of the Constitution of India were ordered by Mr. Jawaharlal Nehru to be burnt and the order was carried out meticulously as purportedly confessed by Ram Sathe, India’s last Consul General in East Turkistan, and all incriminating evidence pertaining to the period of the commencement of the Constitution of India and the territorial extent of Kashmir, thus destroyed!

Just what does Mr. Noorani mean when he says, Mr. Jawaharlal Nehru "shut the door to negotiations on the (India-China) boundary on July 1, 1954", ….And this — Nehru's refusal to negotiate, and the 1960 rebuff to Chou En-lai when he was visiting and appeared ready to settle the issue — may well have sowed the seeds of the 1962 India-China war". Did he want Mr. Nehru to succumb, capitulate to the intimidations, threats and demands of the Chinese and under duress subserviently agree to their demands and hand them integral and inalienable areas in India in a platter? Mr. Noorani is just making mischievous misrepresentations in his writings and ought to be exposed. Surely, he can't be so naive! Mr. Noorani's motives are suspect. There is a conspiracy being hatched out to undermine India by misrepresenting and distorting and indulging in Suppressio veri suggestio falsi and facilitate the illegal handing of India's beloved Aksai Chin to the Chinese. India should be weary of this person.

A map drawn towards the end of the sixth century A.D clearly shows the Kuen Lun range as the southern limits of East Turkistan. Another map drawn in 1607 by a Buddhist priest , Jen Chao depicts the Tsungling mountains just adjacent to Khotan as the southern limits of Turkistan. Another map from the work, Chin ting huang yu hsi yut’u chih which might be translated as “Annals and Maps of the Western Territories of the Empire” published in 1762 depict the southern boundary of Turkistan with India at Sanju Tagh in the Kuen Lun range. Another map from the Chin ting hsin chiang chih lueh, an account of Sinkiang published by a commission set up by scholars and officials of Peking in 1821 contains several maps of Sinkiang in book 3. The map on page 4(b)of book 3 depicts the southern limits of East Turkistan as the Tsungling by which is meant the Kuen Lun range and the Qara Qash and the Yurung Kash are depicted as cutting through the Kuen Lun Mountains. Another map from the book Hsi yu shui tao chi which can be translated as “Remarks on the rivers of the western Countries”, written by Hsu Hsing-po published in 1824 shows a map in eight sheets and sheet number 7 depicts the southern limits of Khotan as the “southern Mountains” or Nanshan which is obviously one of the northern ranges of the Kuen Lun since for both the the Qara Qash and the Yurung Kash are depicted as cutting through the mountains. A Nei fu yu t’u map of 1760 depicted the southern limits of Khotan as lying along a range of mountains immediately to the south of Khotan from which the Qara Qash and the Yurung Kash were said to have their origin and the mountain range situate immediately to the south of Khotan is the Kuen Lun range. The 1820 edition of the Ta Ch’ing yi t’ung chih depicted the Nimangyi mountains immediately south of Khotan and the same work stated that these mountains were the same as the Ho lang kwei and the Ho shi mo tissue mountains. Ho lang kwei was the Kurangu range of the Kuen Lun range. A map from the Ta Ch’ing hui tien tu of 1818 also showed the Nimangyi mountains as the southern limits of East Turkistan. A map from the Chin ting hsin chiang chih lueh of 1821 depicts the southern limits of the country along one of the northern ranges of the Kuen Lun with both the Qara Qash and the Yurung Kash are depicted as cutting through the mountains.

The very fact that the northern border of Kashmir was not depicted and only a legend “undefined frontier” was depicted in the area of northern Kashmir, and western Kashmir extending up to the tri-junction of Tibet , Uttarakhand and Nepal only proved that there was no clear border demarcation or delineation and the northern border of Kashmir was along the crests and water shed of the Kuen Lun range and beyond, and the western border of Kashmir was to the east of Rudokh which was historically part of Ladakh and Guge wherein is situate the Kailash and Manasarovar lakes is also historically part of Ladakh and Uttaranchal and thus ipso facto historically part of India .

In fact, the demarcation of the entire Indo Tibetan international border in the said Middle Sector extending from Pulu to the vicinity of the Mayum la and Marnyak La passes should commence from Pulu Pass, which is situate in the area where the tri-junction of Tibet , Kashmir and East Turkistan in the area where the Kuen Lun (Raskam) range in northern Kashmir and the Altyn Tagh range in northern Tibet converge, and continue along the Mavang Kangri and Aling Kangri Ridges which geographically and historically divide and separate the highlands of Kashmir from the Tibetan plateau , and culminate in the vicinity of the Mayum La and Marnyak La. If Mr. Noorani has the treacherous audacity to say, “each had its vital non-negotiable interest securely under its control. India had the McMahon Line while China had the Xinjiang-Tibet road across the Aksai Chin in Ladakh", It is perverted personal View.Mr. Noorani is colluding with the Chinese and espousing an alleged solution for the border issue whereby one inalienable part of India is given up for another inalienable part of India. He ought to have said,"It is as impossible for the Chinese to cede Khotan to the north of the Hindutash and Sanju Passes in Kashmir in the Kuen Lun range in Kashmir, as it is for India to cede Arunachal Pradesh to the Chinese occupying inter alia East Turkistan and Tibet". India does not intend to hand over India’s beloved inalienable Aksai Chin to the Chinese even if the same is important to the Chinese to continue with their military occupation of Tibet and East Turkistan. If Mr. Noorani wants to support the Chinese in their claims to territory in India for obvious extraneous reasons, the rule of law and freedom of expression prevalent in India permits him, but so do I have the right to expose him and others of his lot. And apropos his so-called “fair solution”, I shudder and get cold sweat when I think of this sort of “resolution” of the issue in the terms of the “fair solution” propounded by Mr. Noorani and people of his lot and am thankful that it never happened! It will never happen! It is an all together different fact that if it had happened, it will be ab initio vitiated by fraud , duress, undue influence, subservience and fraud.

An antique map of East Turkistan showing the southernmost limits of the Country along the Kuen Lun range

Map of the Western Regions (held by the Chinese) appended to the Hsi-yu-tu-chih, compiled on the orders of Emperor Chien-lung in 1762. An English version of the map is also given. "The map makes clear that Sinkiang extended in the south only upto the Kuen Lun Range".The aforesaid map is reproduced in the Government of India Publication, viz. The Atlas of the Northern Frontier of India at Pg.20.

"An Orographical map of the Western Regions"

How the English created a dispute in the northern border of Kashmir where there had been none since time immemorial

The Government of Kashmir had during the time before the accession of the princely state to the rest of India asserted and reiterated that the northern border of Kashmir extended to the Kuen Lun range and beyond. The Govt. of Kashmir had built a fort at Shahidulla which was virtually on the southern flanks of the Kuen Lun range to command the Kuen Lun border area. The Map of Kashmir pertaining to the survey of W.H. Johnson, depicted the northern border of Kashmir upto Kathai Tam in the Kilian valley. According to Ney Elias who was British Joint Commissioner in Leh from the end of the 1870s to 1885, “officials of the Kashmir Durbar occupied Shahidulla for 20 years after the capture of Ladakh in 1842”. He did not cite specific evidence, but there was positive information that in 1864, the Wazir of Ladakh, Mehta Mangal had a fort built there. A Ladakhi named Ahmad assisted by 34 others build the fort. There is substantial contemporary evidence that the Wazir of Ladakh stationed officials in the Shahidulla outpost after it was built in 1864. The writer retained by the Government of India at Leh kept the Kashmir resident regularly informed about the happenings in the border area. On 24, July 1866 he reported that there were ten soldiers of the Maharaja stationed at Shahidulla area (Shahidulla area virtually on the southern flanks of the Kuen Lun range extended inter alia upto the Kilian pass and Khathaitham in Kashmir) “on the Border of Khotan and Ladakh”. What is more, the Hajis and the merchants from Yarkand complain loudly against the exactions levied from them by the Maharaja’s men stationed at the posts of Shahidulla. The Chinese completed the reconquest of eastern Turkistan in 1878. Before they lost it in 1863, their practical authority, as Ney Elias and Younghusband consistently maintained, had never extended south of their outposts at Sanju and Kilian along the northern foothills of the Kuenlun range. Nor did they establish a known presence to the south of the line of outposts in the twelve years immediately following their return. 

Ney Elias who had been Joint Commissioner in Ladakh for several years noted on 21 September 1889 that he had met the Chinese in 1879 and 1880 when he visited Kashgar. “they told me that they considered their line of ‘chatze’, or posts, as their frontier – viz. , Kugiar, Kilian, Sanju, Kiria, etc.- and that they had no concern with what lay beyond the mountains” i.e. the Kuen Lun range in northern Kashmir. T.D. Forsyth who was entrusted with the rather unambiguous task of visiting the Court of Atalik Ghazi pursuant to the visit on 28, March 1870 of the envoy of Atalik Ghazi, Mirza Mohammad Shadi , stated that "...it would be very unsafe to define the boundary of Kashmir in the direction of the Karakoram…. Between the Karakoram and the Karakash the high Plateau is perhaps rightly described as rather a no-mans land , but I should say with a tendency to become Kashmir property". Two stages beyond Shahidulla, as the route headed for Sanju, Forsyth’s party crossed the Tughra Su and passed an out post called Nazr Qurghan.“This is manned by soldiers from Yarkand”. In the words of John Lall, “Here we have an early example of coexistence. The Kashmiri and Yarkandi outposts were only two stages apart on either side of the Karakash river..." to the northwest of the Hindutash in the north eastern frontier region of Kashmir. This was the status quo that prevailed at the time of the mission to Kashgar in 1873-74 of Sir Douglas Forsyth. “Elias himself recalled that , following his mission to Kashgar in 1873-74, Sir Douglas Forsyth ‘recommended the Maharaja’s boundary to be drawn to the north of the Karakash valley as shown in the map accompanying the mission report’. Elias’ reasons for suggesting a boundary that went against the situation on the ground and the recommendations of Sir Douglas Forsyth , who had been directed by the Government of India to ascertain the boundaries of the Ruler of Yarkand, seem to have been prompted atleast partly , by his ill- concealed contempt for the Ladakh Wazir’s plans”. This had been motivated by the discovery of a lapis lazuli mine near the Kashmiri outpost at Shahidulla by a Pathan from Bajaur, not a Kashmiri, as if the nationality of the finder had anything to do with the rights to the territory. Lapis lazuli, he pointed out , had no value at the time. “So the only reason for raising the question is a worthless one, and prompted only by the usual Kashmiri greed for every thing they can lay hands upon.” 

Similarly, the findings of the survey of W.H. Johnson , who was the Civil Assistant of the Trigonometrical Survey of India, in July 1865, established certain important pertinent points”. "Brinjga

was in his view the boundary post" (near the Karanghu Tagh Peak north of Khushlashlangar, in the Kuen Lun in Ladakh ), thus implying "that the boundary lay along the Kuen Lun Range". Johnson’s findings demonstrated that the whole of the Kara Kash valley was “within the territory of the Maharaja of Kashmir” and an integral part of the territory of Kashmir. "He noted where the Chinese boundary post was accepted. At Yangi Langar, three marches from Khotan, he noticed that there were a few fruit trees at this place which originally was a post or guard house of the Chinese". To quote from “Himalayan Battleground” by Margaret W. Fisher, Leo E. Rose and Robert A. Huttenback, page 116 “The Khan wrote Johnson ‘that he had dispatched his Wazier, Saifulla Khoja to meet me at Bringja, the first encampment

beyond the Ladakh boundary for the purpose of escorting me thence to Ilichi’… thus the Khotan ruler accepted the Kunlun range as the southern boundary of his dominion.” According to Johnson, “the last portion of the route to Shadulla (Shahidulla in Kashmir) is particularly pleasant, being the whole of the Karakash valley which is wide and even, and shut in either side by rugged mountains. On this route I noticed numerous extensive plateaux near the river, covered with wood and long grass. These being within the territory of the Maharaja of Kashmir, could easily be brought under cultivation by Ladakhees and others, if they could be induced and encouraged to do so by the Kashmeer Government. The establishment of villages and habitations on this river would be important in many points of view, but chiefly in keeping the route open from the attacks of the Khergiz robbers.” The findings of the survey of W.H. Johnson

hold good to this day and nothing at all has changed legally. The map pertaining to the findings of the survey of W.H. Johnson who was the Civil Assistant of the Trigonometrical Survey of India,  in July 1865 unequivocally depicts the northern border of Kashmir with Khotan in the area of the historic Hindutash pass in north eastern Kashmir, more-or-less on the crests of the Kuen Lun range not withstanding the fact that the map does not reflect the true findings pertaining to the survey of W.H. Johnson and does not depict Khushlash Langar as part of Aksai Chin. Colonel Walker who was the Surveyor General in 1867 “insisted that the map as published was far different from Johnson’s Original”. According to Dorothy Woodman author of "Himalayan Frontiers" writing on the issue of the customary boundary between India and Khotan, “the map" ( pertaining to the Survey by W.H. Johnson in 1865 ) "indicates that even in 1865 that area" (wherein Hindutash and Sanju are situate) "was part of India and that the customary boundary was well known”". In the words of Dorothy Woodman, “But for its accessibility, Aksai Chin might have been used as an alternate route for traders who could have thereby escaped the high duties imposed by the Maharaja of Kashmir.  The Kashmir authorities maintained two caravan routes right upto the traditional boundary. One, from Pamzal, known as the Eastern Changchenmo route, passed through Nischu, Lingzi Thang, Lak Tsung, Thaldat, Khitai Pass, Haji Langar along the Karakash valley”(obviously via Sumgal) “to Shahidulla. Police outposts were placed along these routes to protect the traders from the Khirghiz marauders who roamed the Aksai Chin after Yaqub Beg’s rebellion against the Chinese(1864-1878)”. 

According to Ramsay, One Musa , nephew of the head–

man (Turdi Kul) of the Kirghiz who marauded the area around the Shahidulla Fort and the Raskam sought help from the Chinese Amban at Yarkand. The Amban replied that “the Chinese frontier extended only to the Kilian and Sanju passes… he could do nothing for us so long as we remained at Shahidulla and he could not take notice of raids committed on us beyond the Chinese frontier”. Clearly, in 1889, the Kuen Lun was regarded as marking the southern frontier of East Turkistan. As Alder wrote, “the Chinese after return to Sinkiang in 1878, claimed up to the Kilian, Kogyar, and Sanju passes north of the Kuen Luen” . The Amban directed the Kirghiz to the authorities in Ladakh since no Chinese official ever comes to Ladakh. Musa was sent to Ladakh to ask for assistance, where he said, “The fort at Shahidulla belongs to the Kashmir state, but as it is at present in ruins, we desire to be given the

money to rebuild it” Though, Ramsay later stated that Musa was not reliable and was altering his statements, it was confirmed that the Amban did say that the frontier was at the southern base of the Kilian pass in the Kuen Lun range, and that the Turdi Kol was “certainly told by the Chinese Amban that Shahidulla was not in Chinese territory” Younghusband arrived in Shahidulah on 21 August 1889 and met the Turdi Kol, the Kirghiz chief himself rather than Musa. Two Chinese officials , the Kargilik and the Yarkand Amban had told him that Shahidulla was British territory i.e. part of the territory of Kashmir. He also examined the Shahidullah Fort. 

The Gazetteer of Kashmír and Ladák compiled under the direction of the Quarter Master General in India in the Intelligence Branch and first Published in 1890 gives a description and details of places inside Kashmir and thus ipso facto also includes a description of the Híñdutásh Pass in north eastern Kashmir in the Aksai Chin area in Kashmir . The aforesaid Gazetteer states in pages 520 and 364 that “The eastern (Kuenlun) range forms the southern boundary of Khotan”, “and is crossed by two passes, the Yangi or Elchi Diwan, .... and the Hindutak (i.e. Híñdutásh ) Díwán”. The aforesaid Gazetteer of Kashmír and Ladák describes Khotan as “ A province of the Chinese Empire lying to the north of the Eastern Kuenlun range, which here forms the boundary of Ladák”.  The Chinese Karawal or outpost, of Sanju was at the northern base of the Kuenlun, three stages from the pass of that name. Nevertheless, F.E.Younghusband could not disguise the objective fact that the Chinese considered the Kilian and Sanju Passes as the practical limits of their territory, although they ‘do not like to go so far as to say that beyond the passes does not belong to them….”. 

In 1893, Hung Ta Chen , a senior Chinese official had

Add caption

given officially a map to the British Indian Counsel at Kashgar. It clearly shows the major part of Aksai Chin and Lingzi Thang in India. Besides, in 1917, The Government of China had also published the “Postal map of China”, published at Peking in 1917. "It shows the whole northern Boundary of India more or less according to the traditional Indian alignments". Actually, an imperialist map of China during the relevant period, besides the depiction of Aksai Chin as part of India, the map incidentally depicts all the pre-1947 Himalayan princely states in Pre-1947 India including inter alia Nepal, Sikkim, and what is now Arunachal Pradesh as integral parts of India. The renowned German geologist visited Aksai Chin in 1927. He called it the  westernmost Plateaux of Tibet’ because, he writes, ‘geographically the Lingzithang and Aksai-chin are Tibetan, though politically they are situated in Ladakh. “His journal reveals that there were no Chinese in this part of the country, and that it was indeed within the boundaries of India”. "I must confess", he wrote "that I have rarely seen such utterly barren and desolate mountains".  

It conveniently suited the English to arbitrarily treat the area in the Highlands of Kashmir between the Kuen Lun range and the Karakoram range as “no-man’s land”. Since India, unlike The America or Australia (where the English went out of their way in protecting the interests of their possessions) could not be colonized by Anglo-Saxons after exterminating the Gaelic-Keltic British nationals, the English were least concerned or emotionally motivated about securing Kashmir’s historic and natural frontiers on the Kuen Lun and beyond. So as long as the Russians, who were out competing with the Chinese to grab as much of eastern part of Turkistan, an alien and foreign territory over which neither the Chinese nor Russians had an iota of claim, as possible, were not a threat to their rule in the rest of India, they did not care a damn if the Chinese encroached into the cis-Kuen Lun part of Kashmir.  So, when the Government of Kashmir in 1885, at a time when the Chinese were least concerned or the alien  trans- Kuen Lun areas in the highlands of Kashmir, beyond their eastern Turkistan dominion “and had literally washed their hands of it”, prepared to unify Kashmir and the Wazir of Ladakh , Pandit Radha Kishen initiated steps to restore the old out post of Shahidulla, Ney Elias who was British Joint Commissioner in Ladakh and spying on the Government of Kashmir raised objections. “This very energetic officer’ , he wrote to the resident, who duely forwarded the letter to the Government of India, “wants the Maharaja to reoccupy Shahidulla in the Karakash valley ….I see indications of his preparing to carry it out, and, in my opinion, he should be restrained, or an awkward boundary question may be raised with the Chinese without any compensating advantage”. (italics mine to highlight) In the circumstances, since Elias had represented to the Supreme Government, it was a relatively simple matter for him to ensure that the plans were dropped. He told the Wazir that he had reported against the scheme to the Resident, and pretty soon the subservient Wazir succumbed and assured him that he did not intend to implement it. Elias was also promptly meticulously backed up by the Government of India. A letter dated 1st September was sent to the officer on Special Duty (as the Resident was called before 1885) instructing him to take suitable opportunity of advising His Highness the Maharaja not to occupy Shahidulla”. Elias had already killed the proposal. Thus, the English after treacherously perniciously successfully preventing the reunification of Kashmir vis-à-vis the outpost in the Shahidulla area in Kashmir and the natural and historic border of Kashmir on the Kuen Lun range and beyond, by vehemently opposing it at a time when the Chinese were least concerned or bothered of the alien trans- Kuen Lun areas in the highlands of Kashmir , beyond their restive eastern Turkistan dominion “and had literally washed their hands of it”, rather than as much as supporting the endeavour much less aiding it, prevented the unification of Kashmir. 

Kashmir, however never forfeited her territorial integrity, though she had been under duress and coercion prevented from restoring the outpost at Shahidulla to command the Kuen Lun. Thus, after successfully preventing the reunification of Kashmir, when the Chinese encroached into Kashmir in 1892 and illegally placed an alleged boundary mark pillar deep in Kashmir along with a board which stated that “this board is under the sway of the Kakan, the Chinese Emperor, “the distance was taken from Shahidulla, which was the limit of Kashmir territory, Raja Sir Amar Singh in his letter of 2 November,” described this action as ‘a transgression of Khatais (Cathays) over the Ladakh boundary. The Kashmir State has no intention of making any encroachment on foreign territory, but I hope you and the Government of India will enable (i.e. assist) it to maintain the territory already acquired and in its possession, and in that case, the unlawful aggression of the Khatais must be repelled , and the original boundary restoured”, The Wazir Wazart of Ladakh, complained to the Vice- President of the Jammu –Kashmir State Council of the Chinese Amban who had constructed the Pillar. The Wazir said that as far as he had been able to ascertain, his own frontier was considered upto Shahidulla, 16 stages from Ladakh, where one of his predecessors had built a fort which was still standing. This proved, he added “the state frontier extends to that place”, the English did nothing of the sort and betrayed the Government and people of Kashmir. 

As a matter of fact, the English had surreptitiously illegally decided that “the Indus watershed should be considered as the boundary of the Kashmir territories to the north”, vide the instructions of the Government of India of 21 August 1890 stealthily sent to the Resident’s predecessor, Nisbet, and asked the Resident to convey this to the Durbar and the Joint Commissioners in Ladakh. But Nisbet had either deliberately or accidently done what deserved to be done with the instruction, either keep the instructions to himself or better still destroy it! The English were hand in glove with the Chinese in their occupation of the areas of Kashmir between the Kuen Lun range and the Karakoram.  The statement of John Lall author of “Aksaichin and Sino-Indian Conflict” at page 95 that , “Considering that the State’s officials abandoned Shahidulla as long ago as 1867, the Raja’s assertion that it was in their possession was a flight of fancy”, is a deceitful misrepresentation per se and a lie that needs to be refuted. First Mr. John Lall, The State of Kashmir never abandoned the Shahidulla outpost commanding the Kilian and Kathaitham areas in northern Kashmir and the Kuenlun range in 1867 as claimed by you. As late as in 1885, at a time when the Chinese were least concerned or bothered of the alien trans- Kuen Lun areas in the highlands of Kashmir , beyond their eastern Turkistan dominion “and had literally washed their hands of it”, the Government of Kashmir prepared to unify Kashmir and the Wazir of Ladakh , Pandit Radha Kishen initiated steps to restore the out post of Shahidulla, but this legitimate act had been opposed slyly by the English who even if they did not support it, even if they did not aid it, could have at the least ignored the endeavour as none of their business to decide for the Kashmiris where the northern border of their state, was! And desisted from objecting to the endeavour. So Mr. John Lall, you are required to refrain from lying and making misrepresentation to suit your perverted mindset and whims and fancies. Facts are facts and nothing can change them. Neither you, nor any one of your lot!

 “What”, if one asks the Hypothetical question, “if the English government had not opposed the endeavour of the Government of Kashmir to reunify Kashmir?” The English, if they did not support it, even if they did not aid it, could have at the least ignored the endeavour as none of their business to decide for the Kashmiris where the northern border of their state, was! And desisted from objecting to the endeavour. The practical authority of the Chinese, as Ney Elias and Younghusband consistently maintained, had never extended south of their outposts at Sanju and Kilian along the northern foothills of the Kuenlun range. At that time, when the

Chinese were least concerned or bothered of the alien trans- Kuen Lun areas (trans- Kuen Lun from the East Turkistani side and cis- Kuen Lun from the Kashmiri side) in the highlands of Kashmir, beyond their restive eastern Turkistan dominion “and had literally washed their hands of it”, the Kashmir would have easily reunified Kashmir vis-à-vis the outpost in the Shahidulla area in Kashmir and the natural and historic border of Kashmir on the Kuen Lun range and beyond at Kilian, Kathai Tam and Sanju areas in Kashmir. Once the Government of Kashmir consolidated the unification which was the easiest thing given the absence of imperialist adversaries, the Chinese would never ever have even considered or harboured the very idea or notion of controlling an area beyond the natural frontiers of their restive dominion along northern foothills of the Kuen Lun range as stated by Ney Elias , “they told me that they considered their line of ‘chatze’, or posts, as their frontier – viz. , Kugiar, Kilian, Sanju, Kiria, etc.- and that they had no concern with what lay beyond the mountains”. The subsequent incident of planting an alleged border pillar by the Chinese deep inside the territory of Kashmir would never have occurred. The Chinese were given a carte blanche and an invitation to trespass into Kashmir by the act of the English in opposing the unification of Kashmir and conspiring with the Chinese, and once they got a foothold in Kashmir their imperialist designs were facilitated manifold giving result to all the present plethora of border troubles and further facilitating the hostile anti-Indian cartographers like the notorious hostile Times Atlas in their endeavour to go berserk in their experiments to draw various anti-Indian maps! According to the Schwartzberg Atlas, A historical atlas of South Asia, The Times Atlas had previously  published a map which depicted the Hindutash pass in Ladakh as part of Kashmir in its 1900 edition. And the whole of the Sub-continent of India is suffering today due to the wanton mischief indulged by the English then.

 This is a wake up call for the People of India and Paksitan and the rest of the sub-continent of India. The English may purportedly support one side against the other, but are they really supporting a side? They are just playing off one side against the other and indulging to attain their nefarious designs. We south Asians should be weary of them and see through their nefarious designs and treat it with the contempt it deserves. At the end of the day, reunification of India is the only solution.  

Unfortunately the Government of Kashmir succumbed to the English threats and intimidations in the year 1885 and did not implement the endeavour immediately but kept it pending and delayed it though the Government of Kashmir never forfeited the sovereignty of Kashmir over the Shahidulla out post area extending to Kilian pass and Kathaitham as was reiterated by Raja Sir Amar Singh in his aforesaid letter of 2 November, and the English having opposed and sabotaged the endeavour were required and were bound to protect the territory of Kashmir when in the first place the Chinese encroached into the area and placed alleged border pillars as a result of the deliberate nefarious and willful act of the English and the English were entirely responsible for the encroachment and were liable and bound to redress the situation and restore the status quo anti , but the English had been all along hand-in-glove with the Chinese and covertly conspiring with the Chinese to cheat and betray the Government and people of Kashmir and had surreptitiously and stealthily in collusion with the Chinese already taken a decision for the People of Kashmir that “the Indus watershed should be considered as the boundary of the Kashmir territories to the north”. However, even the English could not escape from the inevitable fact that the northern border of Kashmir extended to the crests of the Kuen Lun range and beyond. Viceroy Hardinge had written to the Secretary of State for India on September 12, 1912:, “The following would be a good line: From Beyik Peak, where the line would start, eastwards to Chang pass, Dehde (Dafdar?) and Taghdumbash being left on our side; thence through Sargon pass along crest of (Kuen Lun )range, and so to crest of Kuen Lun range north of Raskam after crossing the Yarkand river; thence along crest of Kuen Lun range to Sanju or Grim pass via the passes named in the map of 1891,” (“reference is invited to map prepared by Survey of India in 1891 to illustrate explorations of Capt. Younghusband”) “viz: Kukahang,(Kukalang?) Dozaki, Yargi,” (Yangi to the north of Kulanaldi?) “and Kilik; thence along Kuen Lun watershed” (via obviously the Hindutash pass) “to frontier of Tibet crossing Karakash river,” ( obviously in the vicinity of Ali Nazar) “the plain of Aksai Chin left on our side of the frontier”. F.D., 535/15 Enclosure in No. 208. Kashgar. September 12, 1912.  

When Kashmir acceded to the rest of India, the territorial integrity of Kashmir vis-à-vis the Kathai Tam and Kilian and the rest of the Kuen Lun range in Kashmir wherein are the Hindutash and Kukalang passes in Kashmir remained intact and un-forfeited despite the crooked mechanisms of the English. Dafdar the northernmost part of Kashmir bordering the former Russian Empire turned “U.S.S.R.” continued to be part of Kashmir. To quote Nehru himself from his telegram dated 26 October, 1947 to the British Prime Minister, Clement Attlee, he says, "Kashmir's Northern frontiers, as you are aware, run in common with those of three countries, Afghanistan, `the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics' and `China' ". Also, the Maharaja Hari Singh states in his correspondence with Lord Mountbatten dated October 26, 1947, “Besides, my State has a common boundary with ‘the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics’ and with ‘China’ ” It was this territorial integrity of Kashmir which was recorded and preserved in the Constitution of India after the independence of India in Entry 15 in the First Schedule of the Constitution of India. Entry 15 reads “The territory which immediately before the commencement of this Constitution was comprised in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir”, and thankfully, the same continues to this date with out any obnoxious and illegal amendment.

Arunachal Pradesh, an inalienable part of India

One has to understand the perverted mentality of an alien brutal military occupying power to appreciate the antics of China! I am referring to the recent expression of regret by a Chinese diplomat to the statement of External Affairs Minister Pranab Mukherjee that Arunachal was a part of India. An occupying force that she is, China wants to appropriate as part of Tibet any territory except those that are intrinsically and inherently part of Tibet. She claims Arunachal Pradesh which is beyond the Tibetan Plateau and thus also not geographically a part of Tibet , as part of occupied Tibet but illegally and blatantly denies the fact that inter alia Altyn Tagh, Tsinghai, Tsang, Amdo and Kham, which are intrinsically and inherently part of Tibet, and also historically an inalienable part of Tibet and also geographically a part of Tibet, are parts of Tibet. This is because China wants to illegally retain as much of Tibet as possible even when Tibet eventually becomes independent in the future. Similarly China has clubbed occupied Aksai Chin to the south of the Sanju-La and Hindutash in Ladakh in Kashmir with East Turkistan and not with adjacent Tibet despite the cultural links between Kashmir and Tibet and the geographical contiguity of Rudokh  and Shang Shung in Maryul or Ladakh and adjoining Tibet, because they envisage that It will be Tibet that eventually first becomes independent ahead of East Turkistan and in their estimation, and scheme of things, they will be able perpetrate the occupation East Turkistan for a longer period of time! India too should reiterate that Khotan to the north of the Sanju-La and Hindu-tash Passes in the Kuen Lun range in Kashmir is historically part of India and demand the return of Khotan back to India.

If the Chinese have the audacity to claim Arunachal Pradesh, India should also vehemently reiterate that Khotan to the north of the Hindutash pass in the Kuen Lun range in Kashmir is historically part of India and demand the return of Khotan back to India. The horrible and outrageous antics of Mr. Rajiv Gandhi and J.N. Dixit in their effort to “clinch” a deal with the Chinese and “solve” the border issue gave me nightmares and cold sweat ,but luckily India was saved then from their impending “achievement” .


The whole of the so-called McMahon Line is illegal and null and void. The crux of the issue is that the so-called McMahon Line was demarcated deliberately along the foothills of the Assam Himalaya rather than on the watershed of the Assam Himalaya just because of the deceit and treacherous nature of the Colonial English and their  collusion with the Chinese. The whole McMahon Line except to the north east of  Pachakshiri is ab initio illegal and the international border of India with the  Sovereign States of Tibet and Burma is much further to the north on the border Passes and Peak comprising  inter alia Sharkha Leb La, Yarto Tra la, Druk La, Namcha Barwa Peak ,  Su La , Atakang La, Yuko, Juk  and Lagya on the Indo-Tibetan International Border and Zhasha Pass on the International border of India with Burma  and the Namcha Barwa Peak is actually on the International border of the two Sovereign states of India and Tibet.

The proud Nation of India should demand that the so-called border talks with China be called off. The same is a nullity, is ab initio illegal, under duress and coercion,ultra vires the Constitution of India, and null and void and any agreement with China will be illegal, and null and void and is clandestine and surreptitious, and is solely meant to serve the purpose of China and is based on subservience and will be repudiated by the proud people of India. The Government of India should reiterate the liberation of all occupied parts of Kashmir including India's beloved Aksai Chin and the Kuen Lun range in northern Kashmir wherein are situate Dafdar in the Taghdumbash Pamir area in northern Kashmir, Kukalang Pass north of Bazar Dara in Kanjut in Kashmir, Yangi Pass north of Kulanaldi in the Raskam area of Kanjut in Kashmir, Kilian including Khathaithum in Kashmir, Sanju-La north of Ali Nazar in Kashmir and Hindutash Pass north of Sumgal in Ladakh in north eastern Kashmir, now presently under Chinese illegal military occupation

But with the Government of India, subservient and absolutely bereft of Convictions and any motivation to protect the territorial integrity of India and with well dressed subservient Indian morons and buffoons purportedly on behalf of India holding farcical and ab initio illegal border talks with the Chinese which are null and void , Indians will have to wake up and only a veritable revolution can save India!

I warn that The so-called Border talks with China is only going to precipitate the mess and create a situation where Indians will have to undo the mess by denouncing and repudiating the so called agreement reached with China. I have already sent communications to the Prime Minister of India stating the aforesaid facts. I request all patriotic Indians to do the same. Jai Hind.

Survey of India

You should know that the Survey of India has been illegally depicting inter alia the border of Kashmir wrongly and depicting large of areas in Kashmir illegally as not part of India. At the time of the accession of the princely state of Kashmir to the rest of India, Kashmir extended to the water shed of the Kuen Lun range in the edge of the highlands of Kashmir, and also beyond. Nehru himself conceded this. To quote Nehru himself from his telegram dated 26 October, 1947 to the British Prime Minister, Clement Attlee, he says, "Kashmir's Northern frontiers, as you are aware, run in common with those of three countries, Afghanistan, `the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics' and `China' ". Also, Maharaja Hari Singh had in no uncertain terms unequivocally stated in his letter dated October 26, 1947 to Lord Mountbatten that, " Besides my State has a common boundary with the Soviet Republic and China. In their external relations the Dominions of India and Pakistan cannot ignore this fact".  The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir, 1956 in Section 4 under Part II under the caption "The State" reads, "The territory of the State shall comprise all the territories which on the fifteenth day of August, 1947, were under the sovereignty or suzerainty of the Ruler of the State".The same had been reiterated  by both Maharaja Hari Singh as well as Mr. Jawaharlal Nehru. 

 This is only possible only because inter alia Dafdar in the Taghdumbash Pamir in Kanjut is part of Kashmir. The territorial extent of the State of Kashmir is as stipulated in Entry 15 in the First Schedule of the Constitution of India. Entry 15 reads, “The territory which immediately before the commencement of this Constitution was comprised in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir”. Two maps, viz. The official maps attached to the White Papers published in July 1948 and February 1950 by the Government of India's Ministry of States, headed, incidentally, by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, under the authority of India's Surveyor General G.F.Heaney give them the legal status to determine the extent of the State of Kashmir as stipulated in Entry 15 in the First Schedule of the Constitution on India. The said official maps presented with the White Papers prove that the northern border of Kashmir with East Turkistan at the time of the accession of the state to the Union of India was on the Kuen Lun Range, the natural and historic border of Kashmir with neighbouring Trans-Kuen Lun State of East Turkistan.

Pertinently, it is imperative to note that areas shown in colour in the aforesaid maps includes areas which are illegally not depicted as part of Kashmir by the present office of the Surveyor General of India presently. Also pertinently, though only part of the 1948 map of Kashmir is shown in colour, the caption or legend Gilgit Agency is depicted well, extending to the areas of Kashmir not shown in colour, to the area to the east of 76 degrees East Longitude beyond the Aghail and Karakoram ranges and beyond the Raskam river within the area of Kanjut, near the Kuen lun range and Mariom and Taghdumbash Pamir, i.e. the area which at present is illegally not depicted as part of Kashmir by the Surveyer General of India , which unequivocally, and with out an iota of doubt proves that even those areas of Kashmir not shown in colour up to the Kuen Lun range are integral and inalienable parts of Kashmir. If there had been any apprehension or ambiguity about the territorial extent of Kashmir, then the captions or legends Gilgit Agency and Kashmir would definitely not have been shown extending beyond the area shown in colour. It is even explicitly admitted by the Government of India in its publication, viz., `Atlas of the northern frontiers of India', wherein it is stated in the map at page 20 that the British cartographers gave a dark shade for areas only where they had their jurisdiction and in the rest of India, only a lighter shade was used. The very same publication also portrays an ancient old Chinese map which depicts the southern boundary of East Turkistan with India along the Kuen Lun Range. But however, the Survey of India, hand in glove in collusion with the Chinese, illegally depicts the northern border of India illegally at the Mintaka and Khunjerab passes and not to the north of Dafdar and on the Kuen Lun range in northern Kashmir inter alia on the Kukalang north of Bazar Dara in Kanjut, Yangi north of Kulanaldi in Kanjut, Kilian including Khathaithum, Sanju and Hindutash passes in Ladakh northern Kashmir.The fact that the aforesaid 1948 map did not extend the colour wash to the whole of the state is irrelevant since the plethora of maps of Kashmir published before 1947 including inter alia, way back, the 1909 map of Kashmir titled the map of the "North West Frontier Province and Kashmir" from the Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909, had depicted almost the whole of Kashmir till the undefined line just short of the border of Kashmir on the Kuen Lun range where there had not been a formal demarcation of the Water shed of the Kuen Lun range to enable the depiction of a defined border . Also, the map from the article, "On the Geographical Results of the Mission to Kashghar, under Sir T. Douglas Forsyth in 1873-74" by H. Trotter, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Vol. 48. (1878), pp. 173-234, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 37, No. 3. (Mar., 1911), pp. 275-280, too depicted the areas of Kashmir not included in the colour wash in the aforesaid 1948 map till the undefined line just short of the border of Kashmir on the Kuen Lun range, and any extraneous ulterior motive imputed to the fact that the aforesaid 1948 map did not extend the colour wash to the whole of the province, by prejudiced persons with vested interests working in collusion to sub-serve a hidden anti- national agenda would be summarily exposed by this fact.

According to “The Journal of the Royal Geographic Society of London”, Volume 40 By Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain), “The Maharajah of Kashmir, it is believed, considered his territory to extend up to the Kilian range, north of Shadula, doubtless from the fact of having had a fort built there; but the last habitation now met with in his territory is at the head of the Nubra Valley,  in Ladak. The boundary line is given in the latest map of Turkistan as extending up to Kathaitum, in the Kilian Valley; but not only this valley, but the valleys of the Yarkand and Karakash rivers are frequented by the Kirghiz who all pay tribute to the ruler of Turkistan”! The stance of the author of this writeup in The Journal of the Royal Geographic Society of London is deceitful and treacherous and has to be contested.  The Kirghiz were nomads who were robbers who did belong to the area. They were busybodies and nomadic robbers who hailed from distant Kirghizstan and the Government of Kashmir had in exercise of its territorial sovereignty built a fort in the northern Kashmiri town of Shahidullah which was virtually on the southern flanks of the Kuen Lun Range in northern Kashmir to command the Kuen Lun  range  and to regulate and control these Kirghiz vagabond and criminal thugs, But it was one treacherous and deceitful Ney Elias who was British Joint Commissioner in Ladakh and spying on the Government of Kashmir who raised objections and successfully prevented the Government of Kashmir from exercising her right of sovereignty over that area in Kashmir. So the author of the write-up is clearly lying and suppressing and distorting facts. Also, the fact that the Raskam Tract and the Taghdumbash and Mariom Pamir was a part of Kanjut historically since time immemorial is  suppressed and not divulged  by the author of the write-up.

In 1954, Prime Minister

Jawaharlail Nehru had, out of the blue,stealthily and surreptitiously published for the first time , a new

map of Kashmir. In June 1954, Zhou Enlai, Prime Minister of China was in India, and in the October of the same year Jawaharlal Nehru went to China. In between, Nehru issued a memorandum which stated inter alia that the frontier should be considered a firm and definite one , which is not open to discussion with any one. A system of check posts should be spread along this entire frontier. How did he go about doing this? In 1954, thus a new official map of India was published out of the blue, stealthily by Nehru, referred to here as the `Nehru Line' which dropped the legend undefined `and showed the northern border of Kashmir with a clear firm line. Nehru, in accordance with his Memorandum which stated that the frontier should be a firm and definite one, arbitrarily, and illegally depicted an alleged border of Kashmir which ran well in the interior of Kashmir depicting even vast areas like inter alia Shahidullah which comprised part of the area with

the colour-wash as not a part of Kashmir and depicting only those areas of Kashmir which according to him was definitely part of Kashmir and beyond dispute, thus depicting large areas of Kashmir as not part of Kashmir, so as to make the border of Kashmir undisputed, and thus definite and firm, and leave no room for any future controversy. The fallacious logic and reasoning claimed and alleged by Mr. Jawaharlal Nehru was that the border should "be firm and definite one, which is not open to discussion with any one", but his dishonest intentions were soon to be laid bare eventually. That was the wicked and deceitful lie perpetrated by Mr.Jawaharlal Nehru for concocting the illegal 1954 "Nehru Line".  It is inevitable that the obnoxious Nehru Line which Nehru unilaterally and arbitrarily published for the first time in 1954 in accordance with his own perverted whims and fancies and is blatantly ultra vires the Constitution of India and has absolutely no legal sanctity, and is ab initio illegal, will be repudiated by the proud people of India.

Pertinently, it is imperative to note that the Director of the Intelligence Bureau , B.N. Mullik had recommended the setting of new posts in Kashmir in 1959 ,at inter alia Sarigh Jilganang Kol and Palong Karpo which was discussed in January 1959 at a meeting in the external affairs Ministry in the presence of Gen Thimayya , Chief of the Army staff and the Foreign secretary. Both the Army Chief and the Foreign Secretary had opposed the proposal to open border posts at inter alia Sarigh Jilganang Kol though Sarigh Jilganang Kol was situate deep inside Kashmir even according to the obnoxious conservative ‘Nehru Line’ because according to them, the opening of the said posts would ‘provoke’ the Chinese , and create tension. The attitude of the External Affairs Ministry (hear,hear) was that “this part of the territory was useless to India. Even if the Chinese did not encroach into it , India could not make any use of it . The boundary had not been demarcated and had been shifted more than once by the British”. (Mullik , The Chinese Betrayal, page 204)(The northern border of Kashmir with Khotan and East Turkistan continues to be in the Kuen Lun range see the map above which is an extract from the Map referred to in Article 9 of the Simla Convention between Great Britain, China and Tibet dated the 5th July 1914, depicting the southern border of Khotan and East Turkistan with Kashmir on the Kuen Lun range in the area of Hindutash in Kashmir as a red line. The map was initialled by the British representative and signed by the Tibetan and Chinese representatives. The latter two did not merely initial the Convention but signed it.)Thus Nehru and his fellow Anti-National coterie of bureaucrats did not have the conviction or care to have even an iota of intention to protect even the territory which was admittedly part of India by even the obnoxious, illegal, arbitrary, ingenious and unilaterally stealthily drawn ‘Nehru Line’ of 1954 which Nehru was mandated and duty bound to protect, sitting as he was in the chair of the Prime Minister of India, which in the first place was purportedly drawn well in the interior of Kashmir to only serve the purpose of ‘a firm and definite’ frontier ‘not open to discussion with any body’ as issued in Nehru’s memorandum of July 1954, and in 1958 we have the External Affairs Ministry illegally espousing the cause of the Chinese disputing that the area was intrinsically part of Kashmir by the statement ‘the boundary had not been demarcated and had been shifted more than once by the Britishers’. Also pertinently, Nehru by his denial of permission to open posts at inter alia Sarigh Jilganang Kol disobeyed and defied his own undertaking to the nation in his July 1954 memorandum wherein he had unequivocally stated that ‘a system of check posts should be spread along this entire frontier. More especially, we should have check posts in such places as might be considered disputed areas, which only shows how unscrupulous a person, he was. thus laying bare Mr. Jawaharlal Nehru's

deceitful and treacherous wicked intentions and mindset and the Chinese occupied the Cis-Kuen Lun

Tract in Kashmir extending from the Chhogori Peak K2 to Dafdar in the Taghdumbash Pamir and Mariom Pamir and the Kukalang, Yangi, Kilian, Sanju-la and Hindu-tash Passes in Kashmir and Aksai Chin areas in Kashmir and constructed the Pan-Kashmir Highway from Dafdar to Rudokh and continuing to Gartok and Tashigong in Guge passing through Dafdar, Bazar Dara, and Kulanaldi areas in Kanjut, and Shahidullah, Sumgal, Palong Karpo, Thaldat, Nischu and Rudokh areas in Ladakh. The very fact that the alleged reason for illegally surrendering vast integral and sacred areas of Kashmir was not abided and implemented makes the very reason and purpose for publishing the bogus and spurious Nehru Line mala fide and infructuous and vitiates the entire process as a colourful act, and procedure which culminated in the of creation of a notorious bogus and spurious ab initio illegal and null and void map and inflicting the same insulting spurious and bogus map on the blissfully oblivious Nation of India and the vitiating of the same and the denunciation and repudiation of this Criminal act of Mr.Jawaharlal Nehru is inevitable and just waiting to happen! A view of The map published way back  in 1885 by Edward Stanford, Stanford's Geographical Establishment, London portrays the area comprising much of Kashmir including the valley of the Kara kash in the Aksai Chin in Ladakh to the Kilian, Sanju-la, Hindu-tash and Yangi Passes in Ladakh in the Kuen Lun range in northern Ladakh up to the Khathaitum in the Kilian Valley in northern Ladakh as a part of Kashmir.

A view of the adjacent pre- 1947 Survey of India map ( See map in the left ) would reveal that the legend “undefined” , is depicted in the vicinity of 37 N.latitude 76 E. longitude not on the Raskam river but well beyond (to the north of ) the Raskam river in Kanjut in Kashmir just short of the watershed of the Kuen Lun Range in Kashmir. (So much for persons like Mr. Noorani and his lot) So If Mr. Nehru had the interests of our nation in his heart and really wanted a firm and definite border the only thing that he was logically expected to do was to do was to depict the border to the north of Dafdar and on the watershed of the Kuen Lun range on Kukalang Pass to the north of Bazardara in Kanjut , Yangi Pass north of Kulanaldi in Kanjut , and Sanju and Hindutash passes in Ladakh. What right did he have to as per his whims and fancies and in consonance with his mindset to illegally draw the Nehru line on inter alia the Khunjareb, Mintaka and Karakoram passes deep in the interior of Kashmir in central Kashmir? The whole of the Nehru line is ab initio illegal and null and void. In any other country such an atrocious act would have resulted in an outroar and revolution. But our nation was pathetically oblivious of this criminal act and Mr. Nehru could get away with it! The only solace now for the proud people of India is that the obnoxious Nehru line is so bereft of legal sanctity, and is ab initio illegal, and null and void and is awaiting repudiation and consequential denunciation of this wicked act of Mr. Nehru. Now the Government of India is covertly illegaly conspiring with the Chinese to compromise even this area within the so called frontier which was meant to be considered a firm and definite one, not open to discussion with any one. If China has the audacity to claim Arunachal Pradesh which is situate beyond the edges of the Plateau of Tibet, then India should also claim Khotan which is also geographically similarly placed and is beyond the edge of the highlands of Kashmir at Hindutash in Kashmir which is the southern border of Khotan. If China is claiming vast alienable and integral parts of Kashmir like inter alia the Aksai Chin, Raskam, Shimshal and Shaksgam valleys in Kashmir, it is tantamount to claiming the Karakoram range which is the interior main watershed in the highlands of Kashmir, and India should then claim the Nyenchen Thanglha range which is the interior main watershed in the Plateau of Tibet as the border of India. Only then would the so called border talks be meaningful and make some sense, and India not subservient. If the Chinese are recognising Sikkim which is predominantly beyond the edge of the Plateau of Tibet as a part of India, India should reciprocate and recognise a similarly geographically placed Chinese territory which is beyond the edge of the Plateau of Tibet like Gansu Proper on the Sino-Tibetan International border as part of China. On the other hand the subservient Indian government has surreptitiously and illegally recognised occupied Tibet, a vast occupied country as a mere province in China purportedly in exchange of the alleged Chinese recognition of Sikkim one of the numerous former princely states in India as part of India. India should follow up on the Dalai Lama's statement that India has more sovereignty over Tibet than does China. It is inevitable that India will sooner or later, denounce and repudiate Nehru's betrayal of Tibet and recognise Tibet as an independent  sovereign Country.