The Chagos archipelago including Diego García is historically part of the Lakshadvipa archipelago in India and is historically an inalienable part of India.

But the only indigenous population The Chagos, which lies in the southern part of the Lakshadvipa Archipelago in the Sub-Continent of India, had was the Indian population hailing from the rest of the Lakshadvipa archipelago which also includes the Maldives, Sri Lanka and the mainland part of India. The

earliest settlement was only established in the Chagos Archipelago in 1793, until when the Island was mostly unpopulated but for the Indians residing there and the islands were predominantly uninhabited when first visited by European explorers, and remained that way until the French successfully established a small colony on the island of Diego Garcia, composed of 50–60 men and "a complement of slaves". The slaves came from what are now Mozambique and Madagascar via Mauritius. Thus, the original Chagossian colony established since 1793 comprised a mixture of the indigenous Indian people and the Bantu and Austronesian peoples! In addition, from 1820–1840, the atoll of Diego Garcia in the Chagos became the staging post for slave ships trading between Sumatra, the Seychelles, and the French island of Bourbon, adding a population of Malay slaves into the Chagos gene pool. Other than the Indian people, none of the peoples who were settled in the Chagos, be they from Mozambique, Madagascar, Sumatra, the Seychelles, or the island of Bourbon can claim the status to be indigenous or aboriginals in The Chagos archipelago. Surely, Tam Dalyell, British Member of Parliament should know of the ambit and scope of the meaning of the term “indigenous”! The Chagos archipelago is historically part of the Lakshadvipa archipelago in India and is historically an inalienable part of India and thus the People of the Chagos archipelago are thus ipso facto citizens of the Republic of India and the Government of India should demand the return of the archipelago back to India. The Chagos Archipelago has nothing to do whatsoever neither with Mauritius nor the Seychelles and islands are geographically, historically and culturally part of the Lakshadvipa archipelago in India. The Chagos Archipelago is geographically a part of the so-called Chagos - Lakshadweep Ridge, a long submarine mountain range in the Indian Ocean. The Chagos also form a terrestrial eco-region together with the Maldives and the Lakshadweep. 

The façade about the sovereignty of Mauritius over the Chagos Archipelago was deliberately concocted in consonance with the diabolical game plan of the Government of Britain to obfuscate and suppress in order to divert and hijack the fact that the Chagos Archipelago is historically and geographically an integral part of  India and  in order to undermine and subvert the fact that the Chagos Archipelago is per se historically an inalienable part of India. India should not play into the hands of the Government of the U.K when they deceitfully and fraudulently seek India's help in resolving the issue of The Chagos. Here is a Government which is blatantly continually violating all canons of International law and not permitting and allowing the displaced people of  Chagos to return back to their homeland in the Chagos Archipelago! India should in no uncertain terms tell the British Government in their face that India would help the British Government in resolving the issue of Chagos by making them unconditionally return and restore the Chagos Archipelago to the possession, control and sovereignty of India.   The islands were called by their various names in Indian languages viz. Foalhavahi(ފޯޅަވަހި) and Feyhandheebu in Dhivehi, as Phehandweep (फेहंद्वीप) in Hindi and other northern Indian languages, and as Paeikaana Theevukal பேகான தீவுகள் in Tamil and were historically part of Indian kingdoms. It is inevitable that the sovereignty of the Chagos archipelago will be restored to India and the people of the Chagos archipelago whose ancestry substantially also goes back to the mainland part of India are, were and will be citizens of the Republic of India.

Decision of the Government of India to carry out strategic research should not be an exercise to absolve Mr.Jawaharlal Nehru of his responsibility for his conduct

According to the  Army Chief General Bipin Rawat, as enshrined in Article 1 and at Entry 15 of the sacrosanct Constitution of India, the whole of Jammu and Kashmir is part of India. Then, he goes on to talk about the whole of Jammu and Kashmir or comprehensively a "complete state of Jammu and Kashmir which includes POK and Gilgit Baltistan", but incredibly does not at all mention about Aksai Chin in the Nagri Khor-sum, Ladakh. Then he says, "this illegal Territory occupied by Pak..." "POK is  actually a Terrorist Controlled Country, or a Terrorist Controlled part of Pakistan" .  Why is General Rawat not referring to Aksai Chin when he talks of the territorial extent of Kashmir in its entirety? He was mandated and has an  obligation to refer to Aksai Chin whilst referring to the territorial extent of Kashmir in its entirety. What he says does not at all inspire confidence! Was his reference to Gilgit and Baltistan as "illegal Territory" or "terrorist controlled part of Pakistan", a slip of the tongue? The whole thing is in a bad taste. Subsequently, he continues, that The Government Of India Ministry has taken a decision to carry out  strategic  research on our boundary issues including research on the northern boundary of India. As far as the northern Borders was concerned, “the historical Section has been tasked and you will be happy to note that we met the Reksha Mantri today  along with Claude Arpe who is a fellow with the USI (The United Service Institution of India) on what is the way forward on addressing…! It is important for the people of our nation and for us in uniform to get a deeper insight into our borders. …This history must be known to them and soon you will get the “actual history” in the open domain for the people to understand as to what is the legacy of our borders. ..When you look at the website of the MHA, you will see,  the length of our northern borders..  the length of our borders is shown something like 3,540 odd kilometers measured from Karakoram pass”. As Maroof Raza showed, the northern boundary of India starts not with the Karakoram Pass in the interior of Kashmir in central Kashmir, but at the Trijunction of What was then the territory held by the Soviet Union as Gorno Badakhshan in the historical northeastern Afghanistan, Chinese controlled Eastern Turkistan and India to the north of the Beyik Pass in the area of  Dafdar in the Taghdumbash and Mariom Pamir areas in Kanjut in Kashmir. So there! 

We lost that martial spirit after Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose or Ashfaqullah Khan and when the scheming and conniving regime of Mr. Jawaharlal Nehru a veritable wolf in sheep's clothing,  who ran with the hare and hunted with the hounds, took over after obviously being in veritable collusion with the British and the Chinese to the detriment of India even after alleged so-called independence in 1947 and successfully destroyed the Survey of India and converted India into a nation full of effeminate and emasculated Indians who are unable to even read a map and understand that the alleged so-called borders depicted therein are anti-Indian! Please peruse the Article, Survey of India.  

The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir, 1956 in Section 4 under Part II under the caption "The State" reads, "The territory of the State shall comprise all the territories which on the fifteenth day of August, 1947, were under the sovereignty or suzerainty of the Ruler of the State".The same had been reiterated  by both Maharaja Hari Singh as well as Mr. Jawaharlal Nehru.  The territorial extent of the State of Kashmir was as stipulated in Entry 15 in the First Schedule of the Constitution of India. Entry 15 reads, “The territory which immediately before the commencement of this Constitution was comprised in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir”. Two maps, viz. The official maps attached to the White Papers published in July 1948 and February 1950 by the Government of India's Ministry of States, headed, incidentally, by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, under the authority of India's Surveyor General G.F.Heaney give them the legal status to determine the extent of the State of Kashmir as stipulated in Entry 15 in the First Schedule of the Constitution on India. The said official maps presented with the White Papers prove that the northern border of Kashmir with East Turkistan at the time of the accession of the state to the Union of India and the period prior to the commencement of the Constitution of India was on the Kuen Lun Range, the natural and historic border of Kashmir with neighbouring Trans-Kuen Lun State of East Turkistan.

The outcome of this 

Ladakh or Maryul in 1415 AD. politically 

comprised all the areas historically part 

of Ladakh like Shang Shung including 

Guge, and the headwaters of the 

Yurungkash and the Kara Kash 

including the Hindutash and 

Sanju-la passes and the 

Karanghu-Tagh in the Kuen Lun 

Range in northern Kashmir as 

depicted in the Albert Herrmann, 

Historical and Commercial 

Atlas of China, Harvard University 

Press, 1935 and drawn and 

printed by Georg Westermann, Germany.

strategic research should if at all the strategic research has an iota of credibility should inevitably and point-blank result in the restoration of the depiction of the northern border of Kashmir with East Turkistan by the Survey of India to the north of the Dafdar, the northernmost political limit of the present Republic of India and on the Taghdumbash and Mariom Pamir and on the Kuen Lun Range on which are the Kukalang, Yangi (north of Bazar Dara), Kilian, Sanju-La and Hindutash Passes in Kashmir and the rescinding of the ab initio illegal and ultra vires the sacrosanct Constitution of India  line published by Mr. Jawaharlal Nehru in 1954 as non est in law.  
Also, the eastern International Indo-Tibetan  boundary of Ladakh with the sovereign State of Tibet would be depicted to commence from the Pulu area at the point where the Kuen Lun Range in Kashmir which historically runs southeast to northwest and the Altyn Tagh range in Tibet running southwest to northeast, converge forming a "V" shape and continue southwards along the Ridges which separate the Highlands of Kashmir in the Sub-continent of India from Tibet wherein are the Mawang Kangri and Aling  Kangri Peaks and culminate at the area of the Marnyak La and Mayum La at the Trijunction of Uttara Khand, Nepal and the Sovereign State of Tibet. 

The Gazetteer of Kashmír and Ladák compiled under

the direction of the Quarter Master General in India in the Intelligence Branch and first Published in 1890 by the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta.  gives a description and details of places inside Kashmir and thus includes a description of the Híñdutásh Pass in north eastern Kashmir in the Aksai Chin area in Kashmir. The aforesaid Gazetteer states in pages 520 and 364 that “The eastern (Kuenlun) range forms the southern boundary of Khotan”, “and is crossed by two passes, the Yangi or Elchi Diwan, .... and the Hindutak (i.e. Híñdutásh ) Díwán”. It unequivocally  describes Khotan as “ A

province of the Chinese Empire lying to the north of the Eastern Kuenlun range, which here forms the boundary of Ladák”. Besides, the W. H. Johnson map which depicts Hindutash and Sanju-La passes in Ladakh as part of Kashmir and the Map referred to in Article 9 of the Simla Convention between Great Britain, China, and Tibet dated the 5th July 1914, depicts the southern International border of Khotan  with India on the Kuen Lun range in the area of Hindutash in Kashmir as a red line.  

“The findings of W.H. Johnson’s survey established certain important points”. "Brinjga was in his view the boundary post" ( near the Karanghu Tagh Peak in the Kuen Lun in Ladakh ), thus implying "that the boundary lay along the Kuen Lun Range". Johnson’s findings demonstrated that the whole of the Kara Kash valley was “within the territory of the Maharaja of Kashmir” and an integral part of the territory of Kashmir. "He noted where the Chinese boundary post was accepted. At Yangi Langar, three marches from Khotan, he noticed that there were a few fruit trees at this place which originally was a post or guard house of the Chinese". To quote from “Himalayan Battleground” by Margaret W. Fisher, Leo E. Rose and Robert A. Huttenback, page 116 “The Khan wrote Johnson ‘that he had dispatched his Wazier, Saifulla Khoja to meet me at Bringja, the first encampment beyond the Ladakh boundary for the purpose of escorting me thence to Ilichi’… thus the Khotan ruler accepted the Kunlun range as the southern boundary of his dominion.” According to Johnson, “the last portion of the route to Shadulla (Shahidulla) is particularly pleasant, being the whole of the Karakash valley which is wide and even, and shut in either side by rugged mountains. On this route I noticed numerous extensive plateaux near the river, covered with wood and long grass. These being within the territory of the Maharaja of Kashmir, could easily be brought under cultivation by Ladakhees and others, if they could be induced and encouraged to do so by the Kashmeer Government. The establishment of villages and habitations on this river would be important in many points of view, but chiefly in keeping the route open from the attacks of the Khergiz robbers.” The findings of W.H. Johnson hold good to this day and nothing at all has changed legally. W.H. Johnson’s findings pertain to the north eastern border of Kashmir adjacent of Khotan. As far as the rest of Kashmir’s northern border is concerned, the sovereignty of Kanjut (sometimes referred to wrongly as Hunza) over the Raskam and the Taghdumbash Pamir which even extended beyond Dafdar with in the borders of Kashmir Proper to the area of Tashkurghan is a fact which was even admitted by the then Chinese rulers of East Turkistan. So, the territorial extent of Kashmir extends to the Kuen Lun range and also beyond. In the entire northern border of Kashmir, one would conclude that in view of the map referred to in Article 9 of the Simla Convention between Great Britain, China , and Tibet, which depicts the

southern border of Khotan and East Turkistan with Kashmir on the Kuen Lun range in the area of Hindutash in Kashmir as a red line, the northern border of Kashmir on the Kuen Lun is most secure in the Hindutash area in northeastern Kashmir.   According to Dorothy Woodman, in the book Himalayan Frontiers “W.H. Johnson’s survey established certain important points”. "Brinjga was in his view the boundary post" ( near the Karanghu Tagh Peak in the Kuen Lun range in Ladakh ), thus implying "that the boundary lay along the Kuen Lun Range". Johnson’s findings demonstrated that the whole of the Kara Kash valley was “within the territory of the Maharaja of Kashmir” and an integral part of the territory of Kashmir. "He noted where the Chinese boundary post was accepted. At Yangi Langar, three marches from Khotan, he noticed that there were a few fruit trees at this place which originally was a post or guard house of the Chinese". According to Margaret W. Fisher, Leo E. Rose and Robert A. Huttenback, they conclude in their book “Himalayan Battleground”, at Pg. 116 “that the boundary lay along the Kuen Lun Range”. 

Thus it is obvious, in the light of the aforesaid evidence, that the northern Boundary of Kashmir is to the north of Dafdar, the northernmost part of the Republic of India and on the Taghdumbash Pamir and Mariom Pamir and on the crests of the Kuen Lun Range wherein are the Kukalang, Yangi, Kilian and the Sanju-La and Hindutash Passes in northern Kashmir and that the eastern Boundary of Ladakh with the Sovereign State of Tibet is on the ridges separating the Highlands of Kashmir in the Sub-continent of India  from Tibet extending from Pulu to Marnyak La  wherrein are inter alia the Aling Kangri and Mawang Kangri Peaks and any credible research would inevitably come to the aforesaid finding and consequently the territorial extent of Kashmir at the period prior to the commencement of the Constitution of India is also clear, and if any so-called research on the northern Boundary of Kashmir with Khotan and East Turkistan  is manipulated to publish a contradictory finding, the same would only be an endeavour to subvert and undo the very purpose for conducting the research on the northern international boundary of Kashmir in the first place! 

At the end of the day, the poignant question is how much of integrity do these persons who are allegedly going to conduct the alleged strategic research have and whether they at all have any inclination to place India on the top of their priority and would not permit anything whatsoever including the prospects of incurring of the displeasure of the Chinese Rogue Regime, to come in the way of India’s strategic interests in the long run, or whether they have an ulterior diabolical and nefarious purpose in this whole procedure and would espouse the interests of China and render the whole procedure obsolete and infructuous. How many more years should India be made to suffer the ignominy, insult and humiliation of inter alia the ab initio illegal and null and void  bogus and spurious 1954 Nehru Line fabricated at the instance of Mr. Jawaharlal Nehru which is per se ultra vires the sacrosanct Constitution of India and non est in law before the same is inevitably verily denounced and repudiated and undone! And whether the research and its outcome would regard with contempt as irrelevant, extraneous and not germane, the prospects of the incurring the displeasure of the Rogue state China is! 

Permanent Membership for India in the Security Council of the United Nations with full power of Veto

It is incredible that India is not a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council with full power of Veto . Such a thing was permitted to happen since in 1947 India was handed over to Mr. Jawaharlal Nehru who was a British loyalist and was not at all keen about a dominant role for India in International affairs and rather continued Britain’s decadent and pernicious policies even after the purported independence of India in 1947 vis-à-vis in particular Tibet and did not have the interest of India at heart. In 1955 India’s first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru

declined an offer by Russian Premier Nikolai Bulganin to accept a permanent seat in the Security Council. Nehru had suggested that the seat, till then held by Taiwan, be offered to China instead. S. Gopal writes in ‘Jawaharlal Nehru – Vol II’: “He rejected the Soviet offer to propose India as the sixth permanent member of the Security Council and insisted that priority be given to China’s admission to the UN.” In a paper titled ‘Not at the Cost of China’, Anton Harder of the Wilson Center writes that Nehru lied in Parliament about the offer of a permanent seat. “Despite Nehru’s denial then, and online debates now, the 1955 offer from the Soviets is in fact well-documented, although perhaps not widely known"." Mr. Jawaharlal Nehru lied in the Parliament of India and undermined India and acted to the detriment of India and the same was not an innocent "mistake" but a wilful one in diabolical collusion with the English and the Chinese and the same is borne out by records! India should make it clear that the entire proceedings of the Security Council are vitiated as ab initio illegal and null and void right from 1947 as India was not a member of the Security Council. India cannot permit the present permanent members to take their own sweet time to confer permanent membership in accordance with their whims and fancies and should demand membership as a matter of right and make it well known that India intends to express her own opinion on various international issues particularly the issues like inter alia the brief reunification of Iraq, independence for Tibet and the right of the Palestinians in exile to return to their country pursuant to Nakba and take back possession and ownership of their lands in their ancestral villages and towns. In fact, the 1971, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 of 1971 whereby the Government of People's Republic of China was purportedly recognized as a member of the Security Council is contradicted by the Article 23 on UN Charter. India should rather call upon and issue an ultimatum and a deadline to these members and demand that India be conferred with permanent membership of the Security Council with full privileges to veto and usurp membership rather than being given in due course at a prolonged and unstimulated time. If the demand is not conceded, India should quit from this bogus, spurious and fake United Nations which is just a replica of the decadent and spurious League of Nations with cosmetic changes to give a façade to the actual nature of this bogus organization and create a parallel genuine and credible United Nations Organisation with its head Quarters at Nav Dehli and India will actuate the international community to quit the fraudulent and bogus United Nations en masse and become members of the genuine United Nations at Nav Dehli and India shall be one of the permanent 4 members of the Security Council will full power of Veto. So there!  We lost that martial spirit after Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose or Ashfaqullah Khan and when the scheming and conniving regime of Mr. Jawaharlal Nehru who ran with the hare and hunted with the hounds, took over after obviously being in collusion with the British and the Chinese to the detriment of India even after alleged so-called independence in 1947 and successfully destroyed the Survey of India and converted India into a nation full of effeminate and emasculated Indians who are unable to even read a map and understand that the alleged so-called borders depicted therein are anti-Indian!

The Chinese Virus, Coronavirus as a biological warfare weapon!

The contents of the video titled, "Is the Corona Virus a Conspiracy Theory", are mutually contradictory. Admittedly, the Corona virus is a product of biological warfare. But,  Covid-19 Corona Virus is a Chinese virus and China is not a victim but the perpetrator and aggressor. The video states that in the Wuhan bio-lab, the Chinese were experimenting with a modified SARS virus for military purposes, and that the Chinese stole the Corona Virus from Canada to weaponise it  vide its virologist  agents in the National Microbiology Laboratory  in Winnipeg, Canada, but then goes on to say that the United States was conducting biological warfare against China! Nonsense and rubbish! The video states about "fish market" rather than illegal markets dealing with all sorts of exquisite endangered species of Wildlife! And, where does India come into the picture? Inevitably, India is going to recognise  Tibet as a sovereign nation which is under Chinese military illegal occupation. China is a faraway distant

country in East Asia like Korea, Manchuria, Taiwan or Japan and has historically never shared a common International Boundary neither with the Republic of India 36°40'55"N 78°26'05"E, nor the Sub-continent of India. There can never be peace as long as the independence of sovereign Tibet and East Turkistan is not restored and until India liberates inter alia the vast extent of area comprising

the Cis- Kuen Lun Tract in Kashmir extending from the Chhogori Peak (K2) and the Shimshal in central Kashmir to the Raskam adjoining the Kuen Lun Range in northern Kashmir wherein are the Dafdar, the Taghdumbash Pamir and Mariom Pamir in northern Kashmir and the Kukalang, Yangi, Kilian, Sanju-la and Hindutash Passes 36°22'46"N 78°48'52"E in Kashmir, and the sly Chinese Regime is very well aware of it. In the long run, these biological warfare weapons are being designed by the Chinese for exclusive use against India in the impending inevitable war over inter alia the independence of Tibet. Environmental and ecological destruction of Tibet,  dumping of nuclear wastes in Tibet,  pile up of missiles in Tibet, diversion of rivers in Tibet flowing into India into adjacent China to the East of the Minyak Gangkar peak on the Sino-Tibetan borderlands, The Mount Everest of the Chinese, the Chinese regime is treating her eastern neighbouring country, Tibet as some sort of a piece of their real estate property over which they have unhindered and uncurtailed right to do anything and everything as per their perverse and perverted whims and fancies and mindset! India with foresight would have to design her own biological warfare weapons for retaliatory use against the Chinese possibly in collaboration with the United States in order to protect herself and bring about a balance. To abstain from doing so would be at her peril.

The so-called United Nations Organization and the World Health Organization are blatantly publishing biased maps in collusion with the Chinese Regime

What are these websites? Under the façade of reporting about the Corona virus they are actually publishing  the bogus and spurious Chinese maps which depict large areas in Kashmir and the Assam Himalaya  including the Cis-Kuen Lun Tract in northern Kashmir extending from the Chhogori Peak K2 in central Kashmir to the Kuen Lun Range wherein are the Dafdar, the northernmost part of the Republic of India in the Taghdumbash Pamir and Mariom Pamir in northern Kashmir and the Kukalang, Yangi, Kilian, Sanju-la and Hindutash Passes in northern Kashmir as not allegedly part of India! The maps published by the World Health Organization, a wing of the bogus and spurious so-called "United Nations Organization" may appear innocuous and tiny but are pregnant with ulterior meaning. The maps completely follow the Chinese illegal claims of territory in India and depicts inter alia Arunachal Pradesh as disputed and  also illegally inter alia depicts the Aksai Chin and the Cis- Kuen Lun Tract in Kashmir extending from the Chhogori Peak (K2) and the Shimshal in central Kashmir to the Raskam adjoining the Kuen Lun Range in northern Kashmir wherein are the Dafdar,  the northernmost part of the Republic of India 🇮🇳 in the Taghdumbash Pamir and Mariom Pamir in northern Kashmir and the Kukalang, Yangi, Kilian, Sanju-la and Hindutash Passes in Kashmir as allegedly part of "China"! What implies is that the collusive illegal so-called "Sino-Pakistani Boundary Agreement" pertaining to territory in India is valid and binding. I repeat,  the tiny maps which prima facie appear innocuous are published as such in such a stealthily and clandestine manner but are actually pregnant with ulterior meaning, and the repercussion and ramifications of any inaction or apathy and lethargy on the part of the Government of India would be perceived as acquiescence and  tantamount to approval and disastrous! The Government of India should be lodging a strongly worded complaint and ultimatum demanding an apology from the bogus and spurious so-called "United Nations Organization" and its wing The World Health Organization for publishing this notorious map in collusion with the notorious Chinese Rogue  Regime under the façade of publishing details about the Corona Virus. These agencies dare to depict and publish such spurious and bogus maps with impunity because the Government of India is subservient and servile and Indians have become effeminate and emasculated due to the process initiated and set in motion by Mr. Jawaharlal Nehru who ran with the hare and hunted with the hounds!

Liberation of Shang Shung including Guge

Historians continue to debate the reasons for the expeditions to liberate Shang Shung or Ngari Khorsum in northern India. Some others believe that he aimed to establish a land bridge between Ladakh and Nepal to create a Sikh-Gorkha alliance against the British. However, Zorawar

Singh Kahluria was only conquering lands which were historically a part of India and areas distinctly foreign to the invading Tibetans from the East which had a rich indigenous Indian civilization to the marauding Tibetans from the East. Fisher, Margaret W.; Rose, Leo E.; Huttenback, Robert A. in  (1963), Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh states,  "Zorawar Singh then announced his intention to conquer in the name of the Jammu Raja all of Tibet west of the Mayum Pass, on the ground that this territory had rightfully belonged, since ancient times, to the ruler of Ladakh."

 According to Rolf Alfred Stein, author of Tibetan Civilization, the area of Shang Shung comprising the area conquered

The territorial extent of Ladakh

 during the period of King Nyimagon 

about 975 A. D. - 1000 A.D. as 

depicted in A History of  Western Tibet

 by A.H. Francke, 1907

by Zorawar Singh Kahluria was not historically a part of Tibet and was a distinctly foreign territory to the Tibetans.  Shang Shung including Guge was historiclly, geographically and politically and integral part of India and Shang Shung which comprised the area wherein are the Kailasa, Manasarovara, Mawang Kangri and Aling Kangri  was a part of the Political Geography of India and had nothing whatsoever by any stretch of imagination to do with the Plateau of Tibet beyond the Mayum La. Rock carvings found in many parts of Ladakh indicate that the area has been inhabited from Neolithic times. Ladakh's earliest inhabitants consisted of a mixed Indo-Aryan population of Mons and Dards, who find mention in  the works of Herodotus, Nearchus, Megasthenes, Pliny, Ptolemy, and the geographical lists of the Puranas. Around the 1st century, Ladakh was a part of the Kushan Empire. Buddhism spread into western Ladakh from the valley of Kashmir in the 2nd century when much of  Ladakh  was still practicing the Bon religion. The 7th century Buddhist traveler Xuanzang describes the region in his accounts.

According to Rolf Alfred Stein, author of "Tibetan Civilization", "…Then further west, The Tibetans encountered a distinctly foreign nation. - Shangshung, with its capital at Khyunglung. Mt. Kailāśa (Tise ) and Lake Manasarovar formed part of this country., whose language  

has come down to us through early documents. Though still unidentified, it seems to be Indo European. …Geographically the country was certainly open to India, both through Nepal and by way of Kashmir and Ladakh. Kailāśa is a holy place for the Indians, who make pilgrimages to it. No one knows how long they have done so, but the cult may well go back to the times when Shangshung was still independent of Tibet. How far Shangshung stretched to the north , east and west is a mystery…. We have already had an occasion to remark that Shangshung, embracing Kailāśa sacred Mount of the Hindus, may once have had a religion largely borrowed from Hinduism. The situation may even have lasted for quite a long time. In fact, about 950, the Hindu King of Kabul had a statue of Vişņu, of the Kashmiri type (with three heads), which he claimed had been given him by the king of the Bhota (Tibetans) who, in turn had obtained it from Kailāśa."

A chronicle of Ladakh compiled in the 17th century called the La dvags rgyal rabs, meaning the Royal Chronicle of the Kings of Ladakh recorded

The empire of King Tsewang Rnam Rgyal 1 

and that of King Jamyang Rnam Rgyal, 

about 1560 and 1600 A.D. as depicted 

in A History of  Western Tibet by

 A.H. Francke, 1907

that this boundary was traditional and well-known. The first part of the chronicle was written in the years 1610 -1640, and the second half towards the end of the 17th century. The work has been translated into English by A. H. Francke and published in 1926 in Calcutta titled the "Antiquities of Indian Tibet" . In volume 2, the Ladakhi Chronicle describes the partition by King Sykid-Ida-ngeema-gon of his kingdom between his three sons, and then the chronicle described the extent of territory

secured by that son. The following quotation is from page 94 of this book: "He gave to each of his sons a separate kingdom, viz., to the eldest Dpal-gyi-ngon, Maryul of Mnah-ris, the inhabitants using black bows; ru-thogs of the east and the Gold-mine of Hgog; nearer this way Lde-mchog-dkar-po; at the frontier ra-ba-dmar-po; Wam-le, to the top of the pass of the Yi-mig rock….." From a perusal of the aforesaid work, it is obvious and evident that Rudokh was an integral part of Ladakh, and even after the family partition, Rudokh continued to be part of Ladakh. Maryul meaning lowlands was a name given to a part of Ladakh. Even at that time, i.e. in the 10th century, Rudokh was an integral part of Ladakh and Lde-mchog-dkar-po, i.e. Demchok was also an integral part of Ladakh.

The fact that India’s sovereignty over Minsar was recognized by Tibet is a relic of the fact that the whole of Shang Shung or Ngari-khor-sum and Guge was per se historically a part of Ladakh and had nothing whatsoever to do with Tibet. What is wrongly referred to as West Tibet had nothing whatsoever to do with Tibet but had always been historically an integral and sacred inalienable part of Maryul or Ladakh. India’s sovereignty over Minsar was recognized in  the Peace Treaty between Ladakh and Tibet signed in Tingmosgang in 1684. The Treaty affirmed: “The king of Ladakh reserves to himself the village of Minsar in Ngari-khor-sum. A report of Thrinley Shingta, the 7th Gyalwang Drukpa, head of the Drukpa school of Tibetan Buddhism, who spent three months in the area in 1748, makes interesting reading: “Administratively, it is established that the immediate village of Minsar and its surrounding areas are ancient Ladakhi territory. After Lhasa invaded Maryul or Ladakh comprising Ngari-khor-sum and Guge and western Ladakh in 1684, it was agreed and formally inscribed in the Peace Treaty of Tingmosgang between Tibet and Ladakh, signed in 1684, that the King of Ladakh retained the territory of Minsar and its neighbourhood as a territorial enclave, in order to meet the religious offering expenses of the sacred sites by Lake Manasarovar and Mount Kailash.” John Bray, the president of the International Association of Ladakh Studies, who wrote about the Bhutanese and Indian (Minsar) enclaves in Tibet, noted: 'Both sets of enclaves share a common origin in that they date back to the period when the kings of Ladakh controlled the whole of Western Tibet.' In the words of Claude Arpi, “It is probably not in Indian genes to claim other nations' territory; but worse, in some cases, India has been unable to claim its own territory”.

 

The capital city of Zhang Zhung was called Khyunglung (Khyunglung Ngülkhar or Khyung-lung dngul-mkhar), the "Silver Palace of Garuda", southwest of Mount Kailash (Mount Ti-se), which is identified with palaces found in the upper Sutlej Valley.  The Zhang Zhung built a towering fort, Chugtso Dropo, on the shores of sacred Lake Dangra, from which they exerted military power over the surrounding district in Ladakh.  The fact that some of the ancient texts describing the Zhang Zhung kingdom also claimed the Sutlej valley was Shambhala, the land of happiness (from which James Hilton possibly derived the name "Shangri La"), may have delayed their study by Western scholars. Zorawar Singh knew that eastern  Ladakh comprising the Rudokh

was connected to western Tibet by the Mayum La, so his plan consisted of advancing as quickly as possible into enemy territory, capturing the pass before winter, and building up his forces for a renewed campaign in the summer.

The agreement entered by Pakistan with the Chinese occupying the Sovereign state of East Turkistan

The Government of Pakistan had published an official map depicting the alignment of the northern Border of Kashmir in 1962 which depicted much of the Cis-Kuen Lun Tract as part of Kashmir and the alignment published by the Government of Pakistan predominantly was similar to and coincided with the portrayal of the northern Border of Kashmir in 1954 by the Times Atlas which had predominantly depicted the Cis-Kuen Lun Tract as a part of Kashmir under the caption "Undefined Frontier area" though at places, the official position of the Government of Pakistan deviated from the position of the Times Atlas, and the Government of Pakistan even depicted areas as part of Kashmir which were to the north of the border of Kashmir as published in 1954 by the Times Atlas  and particularly the border was depicted through the Yashrab Pass and running through U-turn in the Yarkand River, near  Sanglash as it leaves the territory of Kashmir and enters East Turkistan.

The northern border published by the TheTimes

Atlas in 1954 more or less followed the principle of the watershed of the Kuen Lun range on its crests  from the Taghdumbash Pamir and Mariom Pamir to the Yangi Dawan pass north of Kulanaldi but east of the Yangi Dawan Pass, the border arbitrarily and artificially summarily  deviated from the principle of the watershed of the Kuen Lun range on the edge of the highlands of Kashmir and skipped from the Kuen Lun watershed rather than continuing on the Kilian, Sanju-la and Hindutash border passes despite the statement that “The eastern (Kuenlun) range forms the southern boundary of Khotan”, in the 1890 Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak and is crossed by two other passes.The Gazetteer of Kashmír and Ladák compiled under the direction of the Quarter Master General in India in the Intelligence Branch and first Published in

1890 gives a description and details of places inside Kashmir and thus includes a description of the Híñdutásh Pass in northeastern Kashmir in the Aksai Chin area in Kashmir. The aforesaid Gazetteer states in pages 520 and 364 that “The eastern (Kuenlun) range forms the southern boundary of Khotan”, “and is crossed by two passes, the Yangi or Elchi Diwan, .... and the Hindutak (i.e. Híñdutásh ) Díwán”. It describes Khotan as “ A province of the Chinese Empire lying to the north of the Eastern Kuenlun range, which here forms the boundary of Ladák^[]”. Thus the official position of the Government of Pakistan prior to 1963 was that the

northern border of Pakistan was on the Kuen Lun range and the territory ceded by the Government of Pakistan was not just restricted to the Shaksgam Valley but extended to the Kuen Lun range. For an idea of the extent of the Trans-Karakoram Tract or the Cis-Kuen Lun Tract, a view the map (C) from the Joe Schwartzberg's Historical Atlas of South Asia at DSAL in Chicago with the caption, "The boundary of Kashmir with China as portrayed and proposed by Britain prior to 1947" would show that the geographical and territorial extent of the Trans-Karakoram Tract or the Cis-Kuen Lun Tract is more or less the territory enclosed between the northernmost

line and the innermost lines.  In 1959 the Pakistani

government became concerned over Chinese maps that showed areas the Pakistanis considered their own as part of China. In 1961 Ayub Khan sent a formal note to China; there was no reply. It is thought that the Chinese might not have been motivated to negotiate with Pakistan because of Pakistan's relations with India. The agreement between Pakistan and China of 1963 pertaining to territory in India extending from the Chhogori and the Shaksgam Valley in

central Kashmir to the Dafdar in the Taghdumbash Pamir and Mariom Pamir in Raskam in Kanjut in northern Kashmir and the Kukalang, Yangi, Kilian, Sanju-la and Hindutash Passes in  the Kuen Lun Range in northern Kashmir resulted in the surrendering of predominantly over 13,000 square miles of territory. In the opinion of a certain one Mr. Jawaharlal Nehru, "According to the survey of Pakistan maps, even those published in 1962, about 11,000 square miles of Sinkiang territory formed part of Kashmir. If one goes by these maps, Pakistan has obviously surrendered over 13,000 square miles of territory".
The so-called "Sino-Pakistan Agreement" culminates at the Karakoram Pass in central Kashmir. Insofar as the area east of the Karakoram Pass in central Kashmir is concerned, nothing precludes the Government of Pakistan in law from depicting the International Border from the Sanju-La and the Hindutash Passes in Kashmir to the Karanghu-Tagh Peak and the Muztagh Peak and thence to the International Boundary Trijunction at Pulu since the agreement was verily confined and restricted to the area west of the Karakoram Pass. In fact, the Survey of Pakistan published a map portraying the eastern frontiers of Ladakh with the caption "Frontier Undefined" and the colour wash is portrayed as extended till the legend "Frontier Undefined". But more pertinently, the legend "Frontier Undefined" is portrayed as extending till Pal near the Pangong Tsu in western Ladakh and as a matter of fact even portrays area in Ladakh which is outside the notorious Nehru Line of 1954  which is ab initio illegal and null and void and ultra vires the sacrosanct Constitution of India and is non est in law which was stealthily overnight inflicted on the people of India Out of the Blue by deceit and treachery by a certain one Mr. Jawaharlal Nehru in accordance with his perverse whims and fancies who then occupied the chair of the Prime Minister of the Republic of India! Strangely, the map portrays the legends  "Tibet" and "China" ridiculously extending even to the west of the legend "Frontier Undefined" and extending into the area encompassing the colour wash, thus ipso facto depicted as admittedly unequivocally part of Ladakh which is absurd, which only shows how unprofessional these Pakistani Cartographers were and also emphasizes how desperately servile and subservient the Regime in Pakistan was to the Rogue Regime of China! Besides, the legends "Sinkiang" and "China" are portrayed as extending to the areas in Kashmir situate to the north and northeast of the Karakoram Pass in central Kashmir which does not even come within  the the purview and ambit of the so-called "Sino-Pakistani Boundary Agreement" of 1963, and an area over which the Pakistanis do not even have de facto jurisdiction leave alone de jure jurisdiction! Pal is a place to the north of the Pangong Tsu in western Ladakh which is stated as historically part of Ladakh even in the Gazetteer of Kashmír and Ladák published in 1890.

The most ridiculous and absurd part of the so-called "Sino-Pakistan Agreement"  is Article 6 of the agreement which reads as follows:- "The two parties have agreed that after the settlement of the Kashmir dispute between Pakistan and India, the sovereign authority concerned will reopen negotiations with the Government of the People's Republic of China on the boundary as described in Article Two of the present agreement, so as to sign a formal boundary treaty to replace the present agreement..."! The Agreement actually incredibly mandates and requires the Sovereign Republic of India to reopen the negotiations with the Rogue State of China in consonance with the illegal agreement arrived at by Pakistan and China pertaining to the territory over which neither has any lawful jurisdiction and are veritable busybodies and neither of the states have a locus standi to arrive at an agreement pertaining to an area lawfully an integral part of the territory of India and the Republic of India has already repudiated and denounced the opportunistic so-called "Sino-Pakistan Agreement" of 1962 as ab initio illegal and null and void and not binding on the Republic of India! 

The crux of the issue is that after the unilateral, arbitrary and illegal partition of India by the Germanic Anglican Anglo-Saxons, inter alia both Pakistan and India respectively are not viable. The Anglo-Saxons as is their wont, habitually mischievously deliberately partitioned their erstwhile colonies like inter alia Ireland, Palestine, or India in order to make these erstwhile colonies unviable to economically and militarily benefit from the inevitable unrest and chaos which would ensue and follow and was waiting to happen in the long run due to their arbitrary and unilateral unlawful Partitions. In comparison, the Chinese on the other hand have not only unified the whole of China, but have also invaded and annexed foreign countries like inter alia East Turkistan, Tibet, southern Mongolia and Manchuria and has become powerful, cantankerous, greedy, quarrelsome, arrogant and expansionist, while the Sub-continent of India is unable to defend her external political international boundaries like inter alia the international boundary of India with East Turkistan on the Kukalang, Yangi, Kilian, Sanju-la and Hindu-tash Passes in northern Kashmir in the Kuen Lun Range or the International Boundary of the western province of Seistan in Afghanistan and the western province of Baluchistan in Pakistan on the Sarhad Range with the Persian Empire rather than the internal unilateral arbitrary fraudulent and spurious fictitious lines like the Durand Line or the Radcliffe Line. We are infatuated and obsessed with our arbitrary bogus and spurious temporary internal lines like the Line of Control inside Kashmir or the Durand Line rather than liberating and defending our common external international boundaries. So Hainan can remain a part of China while Sri Lanka somehow cannot remain a part of India! Our political leaders like one notorious Mr. Jawaharlal Nehru were per se hand in glove with the English regime and in collusion with the English regime and did not place India on the top of their priorities, and did not have neither the foresight, integrity nor the convictions to ensure that India remained viable, compact, intact and united. The whole of the Sub-continent of India is intrinsically and inherently a single organic living entity incapable of severance which cannot be amputated or divided or partitioned into two distinct beings or entities and will automatically reunify in the long run which is inevitable and waiting to happen!